What are Technical Fabrics?

While natural fibers like cotton and linen are valued for their comfort, "technical fabrics" are engineered for specific performance metrics: elasticity, durability, and moisture management. The two most common components in modern sportswear and swimwear are Polyamide and Elastane.

1. Polyamide (Nylon)

Polyamide is a synthetic polymer, historically known by its trademark name, Nylon. It was the first commercially successful synthetic thermoplastic polymer.

  • Durability: Polyamide is exceptionally strong and abrasion-resistant. This is why it is used in seatbelts and military gear. In clothing, this translates to longevity—it does not pill or tear easily.
  • Moisture Management: Unlike cotton, which absorbs water, polyamide is hydrophobic (water-repelling). It moves moisture to the surface of the fabric where it can evaporate, making it "quick-drying."
  • Feel: Modern high-quality polyamide (often Italian-milled) is engineered to be soft and silky, unlike cheaper polyester which can feel plastic-like.

2. Elastane (Spandex/Lycra)

Elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. In North America, it is often called Spandex; in Europe, Elastane. Lycra® is simply a trademarked brand name for a specific type of high-quality elastane.

  • Stretch: Elastane can stretch up to 500-700% of its original length and return to its exact original shape.
  • Recovery: The most critical metric of elastane is "recovery power." Low-quality elastane stretches out and sags over time (baggy knees). High-quality elastane (like Lycra Xtra Life) resists degradation from chlorine, heat, and body oils, maintaining the garment's shape for years.

3. The Blend (Why mix them?)

You will rarely see a garment made of 100% Elastane (it would be like a rubber band). It is always blended.

A typical high-performance blend (e.g., for swimwear or leggings) is 80% Polyamide / 20% Elastane.

  • The Polyamide provides the structure, durability, and soft touch.
  • The Elastane provides the compression and freedom of movement.

4. Environmental Considerations

As synthetic fibers, both are plastic-based and not biodegradable. However, innovations are changing this sector:

  • Recycled Polyamide (ECONYL®): Made from regenerated waste like fishing nets and industrial plastic.
  • Microplastics: Because they shed microfibers, it is recommended to wash technical gear in a "Guppyfriend" bag or with a microfiber filter to prevent pollution.

Conclusion

Polyamide and Elastane are the backbone of modern activewear. When engineered correctly, they offer performance that natural fibers cannot match: infinite stretch, rapid drying, and extreme durability.